Queens & Empresses

Reigning queens, empresses, and female sovereigns who ruled in their own right.

Ethiopia’s Empress-Regents: Eleni, Mentewab, and Taytu Betul — Power, Piety, and Diplomacy in the Solomonic Court

| Queens & Empresses |

Between the fifteenth and early twentieth centuries, three Ethiopian women—Eleni, Mentewab, and Taytu Betul—exercised sovereign or near-sovereign authority as empress-regents. Rooted in the office of the itege and the practice of regency, they shaped diplomacy, war, and dynastic survival in the Solomonic state. This article examines their political structures, succession roles, military leadership, and enduring legacies.

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Sobekneferu: The First Female Pharaoh of Egypt and the End of the Twelfth Dynasty

| Queens & Empresses |

Sobekneferu ruled as pharaoh at the end of Egypt’s Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1806–1802 BCE, and is widely regarded as the first woman in recorded African history to assume the full fivefold royal titulary of a male king. Her brief reign closed the Middle Kingdom’s golden age and set a precedent for later female rulers such as Hatshepsut and Tausret. This article examines the evidence, succession mechanisms, ritual authority, and legacy of her sovereignty.

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Damnatio Memoriae: The Erasure of Female Rulers in African History

| Queens & Empresses |

This article examines the systematic erasure of female rulers from African historical records, tracing how colonial archives, missionary accounts, and patriarchal succession systems suppressed evidence of women’s sovereignty. Drawing on oral traditions, praise poetry, and surviving institutions, it reconstructs the political, spiritual, and military authority of queens, queen mothers, and rain queens across the continent.

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Amanitore: Co-Regent Kandake of Meroë and Temple Builder

| Queens & Empresses |

Amanitore was a Kandake (queen) of the Meroitic Kingdom of Kush who ruled as co-regent with King Natakamani in the late first century BCE and early first century CE. Renowned for her temple-building programme at Naqa and Wad ban Naqa, she appears in royal reliefs as an equal partner in power. This article examines the evidence, political structures, succession mechanisms, and enduring legacy of one of ancient Africa’s most prominent female sovereigns.

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Shanakdakhete: The First Known Female Ruler of Kush? Sovereignty, Ritual and Dynasty in Ancient Meroë

| Queens & Empresses |

Shanakdakhete is the earliest attested female sovereign of the Kingdom of Kush, ruling from Meroë in the late second century BCE with the full titulary of a reigning monarch. This article examines the archaeological and epigraphic evidence for her reign, the succession and ritual systems that enabled female rule, and her enduring legacy as a foundational Kandake in the Nile Valley.

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Hatshepsut’s Erasure: Why Did Thutmose III Remove Her from the Record? An African Queens Encyclopedia Analysis

| Queens & Empresses |

Hatshepsut’s erasure was a systematic campaign to remove her name, image, and monuments from Egypt’s public record during the late reign of Thutmose III. This article examines the archaeological evidence, dynastic politics, gender dynamics, and ritual logic behind the attack, arguing that it was a calculated succession strategy rather than simple personal vengeance. It also explores how the erasure paradoxically preserved her legacy for modern scholarship.

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Amanishakheto of Meroë: Kandake, Warrior, and Custodian of Kushite Sovereignty

| Queens & Empresses |

Amanishakheto of Meroë was a Kandake (queen) of the ancient Kingdom of Kush, renowned for her military leadership, spiritual authority, and the extraordinary treasure hoard buried in her pyramid at Meroë. This article examines the archaeological, epigraphic, and oral-historical evidence for her reign, situating her within the matrilineal succession systems and rainmaking traditions that underpinned Kushite queenship. It also addresses contested identifications with the Roman-era queen Amanirenas and assesses her enduring legacy in Sudanese and African diasporic memory.

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Hatshepsut: Pharaoh, Not Queen Consort — Female Kingship in Ancient Egypt

| Queens & Empresses |

Hatshepsut of the Eighteenth Dynasty ruled Egypt not as a queen consort but as a fully titled pharaoh, adopting male regalia and divine legitimation. This article examines her evidence base, mythological foundations, succession mechanisms, economic achievements, gender performance, contested legacy, and enduring significance within African traditions of female sovereignty.

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