African Queens Timeline

Egyptological chronologies differ by a few years; the displayed range follows the Metropolitan Museum of Art chronology.

1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art — The Female Pharaoh Hatshepsut
2. British Museum — Timeline of ancient Egypt

The war is securely placed around 25–22 BCE, while proposed regnal dates vary across modern chronologies.

1. British Museum — African kingdoms timeline
2. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology — Meroe and Egypt

Older lists often give c. 10–1 BCE; recent scholarship places her more broadly across the turn of the era.

1. British Museum — Amanishakheto collection biography
2. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology — Meroe and Egypt

Specific life dates such as 1533–1610 should not be treated as settled; the earliest surviving written accounts are much later than the period described.

1. Ahmadu Bello University scholar — History and Folklore: Amina Sarauniyar Zazzau
2. AfricaBib — The Zazzau Tradition on Queen Amina: History or Myth?

Her precise life and tenure dates are unknown; the range is anchored to the early-16th-century reign of her son, Oba Esigie.

1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art — Idia, First Queen Mother of Benin
2. British Museum — Commemorative head associated with Queen Mother Idia

The displayed span covers her accession in Ndongo through her death while ruling Matamba.

1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art — Ana Nzinga, Queen of Ndongo
2. UNESCO — Njinga Mbandi: Queen of Ndongo and Matamba

This is not presented as a reign: it marks the period from Shaka’s accession to Nandi’s death, whose year is generally given as 1827.

1. African and Black Diaspora — Queen Nandi ka Bhebhe
2. University of Zululand repository — Royal women of the Zulu monarchy

The reign dates are well established; interpretations of her government differ sharply between colonial-era and later scholarship.

1. UNESCO — General History of Africa, Volume VI
2. Cambridge University Press — An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar

The displayed span marks her installation as Lingeer through the conquest of Waalo, not the end of her life.

1. Agence de Presse Sénégalaise — Ndaté Yalla and the memory of resistance
2. Université Cheikh Anta Diop — Historical conference proceedings

The chronology was recorded later, and the terminal year varies between 1894 and 1895, so both are shown rather than silently choosing one.

1. National Museum Publications — Modjadji, Mofumahadi wa Pula
2. South African Cooperative Governance — Balobedu queenship lineage

The date is approximate, and her name appears in several romanisations, including Khesethwane and Khesetoane.

1. National Museum Publications — Modjadji, Mofumahadi wa Pula
2. South African Cooperative Governance — Balobedu queenship lineage

The date marks her leadership in the War of the Golden Stool, not the full tenure of her office or her lifespan.

1. British Museum — Yaa Asantewaa collection biography
2. UNESCO — General History of Africa, Volume VII

Both 1959 and 1960 appear in institutional timelines, likely reflecting different transition conventions.

1. National Museum Publications — Modjadji, Mofumahadi wa Pula
2. South African Cooperative Governance — Balobedu queenship lineage

The interface preserves the accession uncertainty instead of presenting one disputed transition year as exact.

1. National Museum Publications — Modjadji, Mofumahadi wa Pula
2. South African Cooperative Governance — Balobedu queenship lineage

The display uses the 2003 installation date while recording that some lineages date the transition from 2001.

1. National Museum Publications — Modjadji, Mofumahadi wa Pula
2. South African Cooperative Governance — Balobedu queenship lineage