Who Ruled in Year X

African women in power · year lookup

Who ruled in 1421 CE?

1 documented African woman ruler in these records held office in 1421 CE.

1421 CE falls in the 15th century CE. See this era on the timeline

Contested reconstruction In office this year

Amina of Zazzau

Sarauniya of Zazzau in historical tradition

15th or 16th century Zazzau West Africa

Hausa chronicles and oral tradition remember Amina as a ruler and military leader of Zazzau, but surviving sources disagree over whether she belongs to the 15th or 16th century.
Sources
1. Ahmadu Bello University scholar — History and Folklore: Amina Sarauniyar Zazzau
2. AfricaBib — The Zazzau Tradition on Queen Amina: History or Myth?

Before 1421 CE

Documented history Office ended about 14 centuries earlier

Amanishakheto

Ruling Kandake of Kush

late 1st century BCE–early 1st century CE Kingdom of Kush Northeast Africa & the Nile Valley

A ruling Kandake attested by inscriptions and royal material from Meroë; the chronology and detailed political outline of her reign remain limited.
Sources
1. British Museum — Amanishakheto collection biography
2. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology — Meroe and Egypt

After 1421 CE

Oral tradition Office began about 83 years later

Idia

First Iyoba of Benin

early 16th century Kingdom of Benin West Africa

Edo tradition and Benin court art remember Idia as the first Iyoba, an office with major political and ritual authority; detailed episodes in her life depend substantially on oral tradition.
Sources
1. The Metropolitan Museum of Art — Idia, First Queen Mother of Benin
2. British Museum — Commemorative head associated with Queen Mother Idia

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